During contact sports such as boxing, football, hockey, basketball, etc., a mouthguard made by a dentist which fits closely and allows normal speech and breathing should always be worn both while playing and training. It is cheap insurance.

The founder of the Epicurean philosophy, which taught that Virtue should be followed because it leads to happiness.

Publius Aelius Hadrianus aka Hadrian (AD 76-138) was born at Italica in Hisania Baetica (modern Spain), where his family had lived for about 200 years. A relative of M. Ulpius Traianus (later the emperor Trajan), he was placed under his guardianship on the death of his father in 85. For the next six years Hadrian lived in Rome, returning to Spain at the age of 15 to join the army.

One of the greatest Roman emperors, who ruled from 117.

Summoned by Trajan to Rome in 93, he held various minor civil posts; then he went as tribune of the Second Legion at Aquincum in Lower Pannonia and remained there until 99, when he returned to Rome with Trajan. In the following year the empress Plotina arranged a marriage between him and Trajan's great-niece, Vibia Sabina. Hadrian's public career from this date until his accession was as follows: quaestor. 101; tribune of the plebs, 105; praetor. 106; distinguished himself in both Dacian campaigns, 101-02 and 105-07; legatus praetorius of Lower Pannonia, 107; legatus in the Parthian campaign, 113-117.

When Hadrian became emperor, Rome was faced with internal and external problems. There were insurrections in Syria, Palestine, Egypt, and Mauretania, and the barbarians were invading what is now Bulgaria. The emperor believed that his government should not attempt to hold lands that could not be controlled. Therefore, he relinquished some of the territory on the outskirts of the empire. He concentrated on consolidating Roman power where possible. By reform and force he maintained imperial unity.

His reign was generally peaceful. He rejected Trajan's aggressive policies, ending a war with Parthia, a land beyond Rome's eastern frontiers. To avoid further wars, he returned Parthian territory that Rome had won adopted a defensive policy, which included the building of Hadrian's Wall in Britain to protect the Roman province against the barbarian tribes of Picts and Scots.

Hadrian was probably the most capable of the Roman emperors. His tours of inspection did much to unify the empire and allowed him to introduce many necessary administrative, financial and legal reforms. His magnificent buildings at Rome and Athens remain some of the chief glories of the Roman Empire.

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About 10 species are found along Australian coasts, including the world's largest, weighing about 7 pounds. The only one of market vaule, however, is the rock oyster, which is cultivated on a large scale, especially in New South Wales. It has no equal for delicacy of flavor, and is renowned for its good keeping qualities, even during summer months.

In one way or another, every individual in the United States uses up about 28 pounds of soap a year! About 4 billion pounds of soap are manufactured in this country annually. Yet only a hundred years ago, nearly all the soap was made at home. You can imagine how little this homemade soap resembled the neat, sweet-smelling cakes found everywhere today.

Soap is made by boiling fats and oils with an alkali. The fats can be animal tallows and greases and the oils are obtained from seeds of fruits and plants. Usually these oils come from the palm, coconut, and olive trees.

The other ingredients of soap, known as alkalies, are soda and potash. Soda is used in making hard soaps, such as laundry and toilet bars and flakes and granulated soaps. Potash is used to make the paste or liquid types of soaps.

The process of making soap begins by boiling the fats and alkalies in huge kettles. Some of the kettles are large enough to hold 175 tons. This process is called saponification. When it is nearly finished, salt is added. This causes the soap to rise to the top of the kettle. The brine, or salt solution, sinks to the bottom and is drawn off. This process may be repeated five or six times until the last bit of fat is saponified, or made into soap.

From the kettle, the semiliquid soap goes into a machine where it is churned into a smooth mass. At this time, various other ingredients are added to give the soap special qualities. For instance, a perfume may be added, or coloring matter, a water softener, and a preservative. If a floating soap is wanted, the churning process, called "crutching" is continued for a longer time. Air is also beaten into the soap to make it lighter.

Now the hot melted soap is ready to be made into bars or cakes, or to be turned out as granules, flakes, or globules. There are special processes for making each of these forms of soap.

The art of soapmaking disappeared for nearly 1,000 years, and was finally revived in France and in Italy. In fact, the French word "savon," meaning soap, comes from the name of an Italian city, Savona, which revived the art of soapmaking!

The body of philosophical concepts developed by the Greeks, particularly during the flowering of Greek civilization between the years 600 and 200 BC Greek philosophy formed the basis of all later philosophical speculation in the Western world. The intuitive hypotheses of the ancient Greek foreshadowed many of the theories of modern science, and many of the moral ideas of pagan Greek philosophers have been incorporated into the body of Christian moral doctrine. The political ideas set forth by Greek thinkers influenced political leaders as different as the framers of the Constitution of the United States, on one hand, and the founders of various 20th century totalitarian states on the other.

Caesar has been bitterly attacked as a man of overwhelming ambition. It should, however, be borne in mind that since the beginning of his political career, and long before, the republican government had been hopelessly inadequate and utterly corrupt. The legislative measures proposed by Caesar in the short time at his disposal may not conform to our picture of an ideal state, but they do not suggest inhuman tyranny.

No political reputation could have come unsullied through republican Rome in the 1st century BC. No doubt whatsoever attaches to Caesar's transcendent genius as a soldier. In private life Caesar manifested those gifts which belong to a cultured gentleman. As an author Caesar was ranked by his contemporaries in the highest class. We possess no example of his celebrated eloquence; but the purity of his style, no less than his military genius are enshrined in the Commentaries, De Bella Gallico and De Bello Civili.

Premiering in Melbourne on December 26 in 1906 the 70 minute long depiction of the life and crimes bushranger Ned Kelly has the honor of being the worlds first feature length film.

The word is applied to preparations used for improving the appearance of the skin, or for emphasising the features of the face or the shape of the finger-tips. Jars and bottles for containing cosmetics and implements for applying them have been found among the remains of all the ancient civilisations. Face powder, made of powdered rice or semolina, or of chemical compounds, has been widely used for giving a matt surface to the skin, and recently pastes mixed with gum have been used for the same purpose.

Kohl is used for shading the eyelids in order to make the eyes appear bigger; henna for staining hair, finger-tips and toes. Rouge powder or paste is used by women for colouring the cheeks, and at some periods has also been worn by men. The second decade of the 20th century, which saw the widespread emancipation of women, saw also a great increase in the use of cosmetics, especially sticks of rouge-paste—lipsticks—for reddening the lips, and varnish for reddening the finger-nails and toe-nails. Cosmetics have always been used by actors and actresses to give a different character to the face, or to counteract the effect of strong lights, which deaden the look of the skin, and to help the features and facial expression to be visible from a dis­tance.

Cosmetics are also used in an attempt to clean the skin and keep it flexible and unwrinkled. The skin is well supplied with blood vessels, from which it derives its nutrition. It is impervious to most compounds and there is no evidence that cosmetics applied to its surface 'feed' the skin. However, application of emollient creams and moisturisers helps prevent premature ageing of the skin in that they minimise water loss. Loss of intrinsic water from the skin either through exposure to wind, sun, or high temperature and low humidity will accelerate ageing and the formation of wrinkles. The wide use of lipsticks has led to a decrease in cracked and chapped lips. In some people, certain cosmetics, such as hair preparations and depilatories may cause a severe skin irritation. Hence before using a new cosmetic it should always be tested on a small area of the arm.

Combining the best of both worlds if you're familar with Digg and Squidoo. Bookmark your favorites, get traffic and a backlink to your own published works. It's fun and it's free.

When a woman becomes pregnant, her body undergoes enormous changes to cope with the new life developing within her and its eventual entry into the world. Childbirth can be a very stressful and frightening experience if you don't know what's in store.

Augustus was the name given Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus when he became the first Roman emperor in 27 BC. The period of the Roman Republic ended, and the era of the Roman Empire began under Augustus.

Turn back the clock one hundred years and see New York City and the surrounding areas. Much has changed since these shots were taken in the early 1900's. Panaromic photos that make an interesting history lesson.

A small force of Spartans held up the superior numbers of Xerxes army at the coastal pass of Thermopylae. The Persians broke through and sacked Athinai. Meanwhile the main Greek forces benefited from the delay and won a great naval victory at Salamis (480) and a land battle at Plataea (479). Find out more about the battle and the Spartan King Leonidas who stood his ground knowing it would result in his defeat and the massacre of the brave 300 men he took on his suicide mission.

The Vice-President is usually chosen, like the President, in a nationwide election. However, With a few notable exceptions the Vice-Presidency has been occupied by relatively obscure politicians, particularly since the adoption of the 12th Amendment to the Constitution.

If the president dies, resigns, or is removed from office, the vice president succeeds him. The vice president may also serve temporarily as acting president if the president, for whatever reason, is unable to discharge his duties. Like the president, the vice president must be at least 35 years old.

A Vice-President's influence within the government is largely determined by the President.

Emperor was the title borne by the heads of the Roman State, and latter borrowed by many other monarchs.

Originally imperator was the title of a commanding general and of a magistrate, and the two offices were first combined by Julius Caesar, who was imperator of Rome and military affairs.

After Augustus, the first Roman Emperor, the title was borne by all his successors, and was taken by Charlemagne when he revived the Holy Roman Empire.

From 800 to 1806 it was borne by all monarchs of the Holy Roman Empire and had a special semi-monarchic, semi-ecclesiastical significance, since the Emperor and the Pope were closely associated. In 1806 the Holy Roman Empire was .dissolved and the title became common, being taken by Napoleon, the Habsburgs, the King of Prussia (after 1870), and the sovereigns of England as Emperors of India (1876-1947).

Tsar, Shah and Kaiser (derived from Latin name 'Caesar') all have the same meaning as Emperor.

Most cultivated varieties of banana are hybrids between two Southeast Asian species grown throughout the tropics. The banana plant consists of large, oval leaves, up to 2 and a half meters in length, with flat stalks that wrap around each other at the base and form what appears to be a trunk, some 3 to 6 meters high. The female flowers hang down in large spikes, but the fruits later turn upwards, forming the familiar bunches, or hands, of bananas.

There are three types of louse or pediculus which may infest the human body, namely, the head, the body and the crab louse. The last is usually found in the pubic area, but may spread to other hairy parts of the body. Their presence cause itching and scratching with resulting sores which are apt to become pustular. Patches of eczema or dermatitis may also arise. Apart from this local skin disorder, the chief indictment against the louse is its danger as a disease carrier. Typhus, or "jail fever " as it was called for many years in this country, is definitely known to be transmitted by the louse, not only directly by its bite, but by its excrement also, if rubbed into an abrasion of the skin. Two other diseases can be transmitted by these insects—relapsing fever and trench fever. The latter caused an enormous amount of sickness amongst our armies during the first World War. The disease is intensely infective, it being possible for a person to become infected by receiving excremental dust on the eye membranes.

The germs of bubonic plague have been found in lice feeding on plague patients. Life History. The development of the louse is limited to two stages only (the egg and the adult) metamorphosis, then, being said to be incomplete. The egg, or nit, which is plainly visible, is attached by a cement-like substance, towards one end, to a hair of the head, body, or of the clothing. On the latter the most common sites are beneath the seams and at the neck and wrist-bands. Up to 260 eggs may be laid by one female at the rate of eight to twelve a day. With moderate warmth they hatch in from seven to ten days. The emerging adult is not full-grown for a further eleven days, during which it moults three times, and the female may commence to lay eggs the following day. The length of life is from three to five weeks— exceptionally it may attain to forty-five days—the insect feeding on blood, which it does twice daily.

The presence of lice can be easily detected, either by seeing the lice themselves or their nits affixed to hairs. The age of a nit on the head can be roughly estimated by its position on the hair if we remember that when laid it was affixed to the base of the hair. If then, the nit is some way along the hair, we can safely say that it is some days old and probably about to hatch if it has not already done so.

The origin of the oblong pieces of paste-board used in card games is obscure, but they are certainly of very great antiquity, and probably came originally from Asia. They were known in Europe by the middle of the 14th Century, but their use did not become general for another 50 vears.

The earliest cards were probably painted by hand; and not made from wood-blocks before 1423. Tarots, probably the earliest type of card, which are still used in parts of Europe, had 78 cards to the pack, 4 suits of 14, with 4 court cards, and 22 emblematic cards, or trumps.

The earliest suits consisted of hearts, bells, leaves, and acorns; later swords, batons, cups, and money were used. French cards of the 15th Century, use modern suits, coeur, trefle (clubs), pique (spades), and carreau (diamonds).

The court cards in early packs were king, chevalier, and knave. Playing cards have been taxed in England since the reign of James I.

So, you are giving away photos? Yep, I am!I have a large, and growing, collection of photographs I have shot myself. Some of them I give away sized for use on websites. Please! Read the conditions below, they should give you any problems, though.These photos are free and royalty-free.

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